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The BTO〔Gremse, M., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Grote, A., Scheer, M., Ebeling, C., Schomburg, D. (2011): „(The BRENDA Tissue Ontology (BTO): the first all-integrating ontology of all organisms for enzyme sources )“, ''Nucleic Acids Res.'', 39 (Database issue): D507–D513〕 (BRENDA Tissue Ontology) represents a comprehensive structured encylopedia. It provides terms, classifications, and definitions of tissues, organs, anatomical structures, plant parts, cell cultures, cell types, and cell lines of organisms from all taxonomic groups (animals, plants, fungis, protozoon) as enzyme sources. The information is connected to the functional data in the BRENDA〔Schomburg, I., Chang, A., Placzek, S., Söhngen, C., Rother. M., Lang, M., Munaretto, C., Ulas, S., Stelzer, M., Grote, A., Scheer, M., Schomburg, D. (2013): „(BRENDA in 2013: integrated reactions, kinetic data, enzyme function data, improved disease classification: new options and contents in BRENDA )“, ''Nucleic Acids Res.'', 41 (Database issue): D764–D772〕 („BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase“) enzyme information system. The BTO is one of the first tissue-specific ontologies in life sciences, not restricted to a specific organism or a specific organism group providing a user-friendly access to the wide range of tissue and cell-type information. Databases, such as ''Ontology Lookup Service'' or ses, such as ''MIRIAM Registry'' or of the EBI-EMBL, the ''TissueDistributionDB'', including the ''Tissue Synonym Library'' of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg or the ''Bioportal'' plattform of the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (Stanford, USA) rely on the BTO and implement the encyclopedia as an essential repository of information into their respective plattform. The BTO enables users from medical research and pharmaceutical sciences to search for the occurrence and histological detection of disease-related enzymes in tissues, which play an important role in diagnosis, therapies, and drug development. In biochemistry and biotechnology the organism-specific tissue terms linked to enzyme functional data are an important resource for the understanding of the metabolism and regulation in life sciences. Ontologies represent classification systems that provide controlled and structured vocabularies.〔Schomburg, I., Chang, A., Schomburg, D. (2014): „(Standardization in enzymology—Data integration in the world’s enzyme information system BRENDA )“, ''Perspectives in Science'', 1: 15–23〕 They are important tools to illustrate and to link evolutionary correlations. The development of the BTO started in 2003 with the aim to connect the biochemical and molecular biological enzyme data of BRENDA with a hierarchical and standardized collection of tissue-specific terms. The functional enzyme data and information in BRENDA have been manually annotated and structured by experts from biochemistry, biology, and chemistry. Presently (August 2014) the BTO contains 5,500 terms, linked to 4,000 synonyms and 4,500 definitions. The terms are classified under generic categories, rules, and formats of the Gene Ontology Consortium (GO,〔Roncaglia, P., Martone, M.E., Hill, D.P., Berardini, T.Z., Foulger, R.E., Imam, F.T., Drabkin, H., Mungall, C.J., Lomax, J. (2013): „(The Gene Ontology (GO) Cellular Component Ontology: integration with SAO (Subcellular Anatomy Ontology) and other recent developments )“, ''J. Biomed. Semantics'', 4: 20〕), organized as a directed acylic graph (DAG) and created using the open source OBO-Edit.〔Smith, B., Ashburner, M., Rosse, C., Bard, J., Bug, W., Ceusters, W., Goldberg, L.J., Eilbeck, K., Ireland, A., Mungall, C.J.; OBI Consortium, Leontis, N., Rocca-Serra, P., Ruttenberg, A., Sansone, S.A., Scheuermann, R.H., Shah, N., Whetzel,P.L,, Lewis, S. (2010): „(The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration )“, ''Nat. Biotechnol.'', 25: 1251–1255〕 All terms from each level are directly connected the enzyme data in BRENDA. The BTO is a suitable tool to distinguish between different enzymes which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. == Content and Features == The BTO draws upon the comprehensive enzyme specific data of the BRENDA enzyme information system. Presently (August 2014) 90,500 enzyme-organism-tissue specific data from more than 11,000 proteins are stored in BRENDA. These entries were manually annotated from more thant 135,000 different literature references. All terms of the BTO are evaluated and classified according to the OBO-format, and are connected by specific relationships. Each term is a distinct entry within the ontology and is automatically assigned to a unique BTO-identifier (BTO-ID). The BTO-IDs serve as stable accession numbers in order to create cross-references to further external biochemical databases. Further tissue und cell-type specific terms from external databases (i.e. UniProt) are integrated into the BTO. The terms are classified in 4 main categories (subgraphs): * animal * plant * fungus * other sources Further levels are defnied below the main categories (=nodes), classifiying the “parent”, “child”, and “grandchild” all connected via specific relationships (=edges) * is_a (e.g. skeletal muscle fibre is_a muscle fibre) * part_of (e.g. muscle fibre part_of muscle) * develops/derives_from (e.g.myoma cell develops/derives_from muscle fibre) * related_to (description of more general relationships between terms which are not covered by the other ones) Most of the terms are clearly associated with specific organisms, organs, tissues, or cell types. However, there are several identical designations for tissues both in plants and animals, e.g. “epidermis”. To distinguish between those tissue terms and to classify them correctly into the BTO for plant tissues the prefix “plant” is placed before the term, e.g. “plant epidermis”. More than 80% of the tissue terms have definitions that describe the meaning and context. These definitions are obtained from i.e. medical dictionaries and cell line databases ( Webster’s Dictionary, DSMZ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「BRENDA tissue ontology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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